If causal closure of the physical holds, then there are uncaused physical states of affairs. Thus, at least one of the following two theses is true:
- Some physical states of affairs have a non-physical cause.
- Some physical states of affairs have no cause.
Imagine two worlds. In w1, there are non-physical causes for all the physically uncaused physical states of affairs. In w2, there are no causes for any of the physically uncaused physical states of affairs. Moreover, the physical parts of w1 and w2 are exactly alike, and match our observations. Is there very good reason to prefer w2 to w1 as a hypothesis accounting for our observations? Well, maybe sometimes: it depends on how weird the non-physical stuff in w1 is. But in general, no. Roughly, what w2 gains in parsimony it may lose in explanatory value.
So we do not have very good reason to believe (2) and deny (1). And (1) has a serious advantage over (2): unlike (2), (1) is compatible with our PSR-ish intuitions.
6 comments:
Could you give me some examples of why not all events in the physical world can be explained in terms of physical causes?
States of affairs. Suppose time has a beginning. Then there is the state of affairs of the initial/boundary conditions. If time doesn't have a beginning, one should still be able to define a limiting boundary state of affairs.
What if I responded that by pointing to nonphysical causes, we run into the same problem, that there are uncaused nonphysical states of affairs. But doesn't this also violate the PSR?
There might be a non-physical necessary being, and it is not problematic for a necessary being to be uncaused.
Of course, if one thinks there is a necessary physical state of affairs, the argument fails. But typical naturalists don't think that.
Events involving intentional actions would be problematic as well, right? It is hard (if not impossible) to adequately explain an intentional action in terms of pure physical causes. (See E.J. Lowe's _Personal Agency_)
Right. That is what motivates the argument against causal closure.
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