Some people, maybe as part of a response to the closeness problem for Double Effect, think:
- Whenever I intend A while knowing that A inevitably causes B, I intend B.
This is false. Suppose I play a game late at night in order to have late night fun, knowing that late night fun will inevitably lead to my being tired in the morning. Now, if I intend something, I intend it as a means or as an end. I clearly don’t intend to be tired in the morning as a means to having had fun in the evening: there is no backwards causation. But I also don’t intend being tired in the morning as an end: the end was my late night fun, which led to being tired. So if I don’t intend it as a means or as an end, I don’t intend it at all, contrary to 1.
More precisely:
I intend E as my end and know that E inevitably causes F.
If I intend something, I intend it as a means or as an end.
If I know that something is caused by my end, then I do not intend it as an end.
If I know that something is caused by my end, then I do not intend it as a means.
So, I do not intend F as an end or as a means. (2, 4, 5)
So, I do not intend F. (3, 6)
So, sometimes I act intending E and knowing that E inevitably causes some effect F without intending F. (2, 7)
So, (1) is false.
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