Showing posts with label moral standing. Show all posts
Showing posts with label moral standing. Show all posts

Monday, March 15, 2010

Gradual variation of moral standing

For simplicity, suppose all utilities are commensurable.

No finite amount of utility justifies killing a being with moral standing. Take this to be stipulative of moral standing, and further take it as a substantive thesis that adult humans have moral standing. For any being x at a time t, let u(x,t) be the greatest (finite or infinite) number u with the property that if u' is any number smaller than u, then it is wrong to destroy x at t to produce u' units of utility. For instance, if the units of utility are average human lives, maybe u(adult dog, now) is 0.0001—it would be wrong to kill a dog to produce less than 0.0001 times the value of an average human life, but it would not be wrong to kill a dog to produce 0.00011 times that value. The exact calibration will be obviously controversial, and some people will say that the right number for a dog is 0.1 or 0.5 or even 1. We could call u(x,t) the "moral significance of x at t". Note that x has moral standing at t if and only if u(x,t) is infinite.

Now consider the following plausible assumptions:

  1. No earthly critter changes at all significantly in its natural properties over a period of time in its life that does not exceed the Planck time (5.4x10−44 seconds).
  2. If x is an earthly critter, and u(x,t) changes very significantly over a period of time, then x changes at least somewhat significantly in its natural properties over that period.
  3. If u(x,t2)>100u(x,t1)+100, where the units are average human life utilities, then u(x,t) has changed very significantly between t1 and t2.
These have the following logical consequence:
  1. If x is an earthly critter that has moral standing at some time in its life, then x has moral standing at all times in its life.
Add two more premises:
  1. I was once a fetus.
  2. I now have moral standing.
Conclusion:
  1. The fetus I have grown out of had moral standing.

This argument is based on this argument by Mike Almeida.